A growing number of non-EU nationals worldwide are acquiring EU citizenship. But what are the steps involved in this process? In this comprehensive guide, we explore the pathway to becoming an EU citizen for individuals who were not born in an EU country and do not have any immediate family members who are already part of the EU.

What is a European Citizen?

A European citizen is an individual who holds citizenship in one of the member states of the European Union. EU citizenship is in addition to national citizenship and grants certain rights and privileges within the EU.

Why Become an EU Citizen?

Becoming an EU citizen offers numerous advantages. Some of the key benefits include:

• Freedom of Movement: EU citizens have the right to live, work, and study in any EU member state without the need for visas or work permits.
• Access to Social Benefits: EU citizens are entitled to social benefits, healthcare, and education within the EU member states.
• Political Rights: EU citizens can participate in local and European Parliament elections, as well as have the right to petition the European Parliament and Ombudsman.
• Consular Protection: EU citizens can seek assistance from any EU embassy or consulate worldwide.
• Economic Opportunities: EU citizenship provides access to a large market and facilitates business opportunities across the EU.

Am I Eligible for a European Passport?

There are several pathways to obtaining EU citizenship, and eligibility criteria may vary depending on the specific method chosen. Here are some common pathways:

European Citizenship Through Descent/Ancestry

If you have ancestors from an EU member state, you may be eligible for citizenship based on descent. Each member state has its own rules and requirements regarding the number of generations and documentation needed to establish eligibility.

Becoming an EU Citizen Through Naturalization

Naturalization is another common pathway to EU citizenship. It typically involves living in an EU member state for a certain period, usually several years, meeting language and integration requirements, and demonstrating good character and financial stability.

How to Become an EU Citizen Through Citizenship-by-Investment

Citizenship-by-investment programs allow individuals to obtain EU citizenship by making a significant financial contribution to the economy of a member state. These programs typically require investments in real estate, government bonds, or job creation initiatives. The specific requirements and investment thresholds vary among member states.

The Best EU Citizenship to Have

The "best" EU citizenship can vary depending on individual preferences and needs. Factors to consider may include the strength of the passport (in terms of visa-free travel), economic opportunities, quality of life, tax considerations, and personal connections to specific member states. It's important to research and consider these factors when determining the best EU citizenship for your situation.

The Advantages of Austrian Citizenship

Austrian citizenship is highly regarded due to the numerous opportunities it offers. Some key advantages of holding an Austrian passport include:

• Economic Stability: Austria is known for its strong and stable economy, providing a favorable environment for business and job opportunities.
• Low Crime Rates: Austria has a reputation for safety and security, making it an attractive place to live and raise a family.
• Clean Air and Environment: The country boasts pristine natural landscapes and a commitment to environmental preservation.
• Excellent Infrastructure: Austria has well-developed infrastructure, including reliable public transportation, healthcare facilities, and educational institutions.

However, it's important to note that Austria does not allow dual citizenship. If you acquire Austrian citizenship, you would be required to renounce your current passport and citizenship.

The Benefits of Portuguese Citizenship

Portugal is another EU country with a highly desirable citizenship. Here are some advantages of holding Portuguese citizenship:

• Climate and Natural Beauty: Portugal enjoys approximately 300 days of sunshine per year and has a beautiful Atlantic coastline, making it an appealing destination for those seeking a pleasant climate and scenic landscapes.
• Affordable Living Costs: Portugal offers a relatively low cost of living compared to many other European countries, making it an attractive option for individuals and families.
• Real Estate Opportunities: Investing in real estate in Portugal can be a pathway to citizenship. With a qualifying investment of at least €500,000 ($544,000) in real estate, you can become eligible for Portuguese citizenship after five years.
• Access to the EU: Portuguese citizenship grants you the rights and benefits of EU citizenship, including freedom of movement within the EU and access to its economic opportunities.

The Cultural Production Golden Visa in Portugal

In addition to the real estate investment option, Portugal offers alternative pathways to residency and citizenship. The Cultural Production Golden Visa is one such option. Here are the key details:

• Qualifying Investment: By making a minimum investment of €200,000 in cultural production activities taking place in a designated low-density area, you can become eligible for the Golden Visa.
• Benefits: The Golden Visa allows you to reside in Portugal and enjoy the associated benefits, such as access to healthcare and education, as well as the opportunity to apply for Portuguese citizenship in the future.

It's worth noting that the specific requirements and regulations for obtaining citizenship through investment programs may be subject to change, so it's important to stay updated and consult with immigration specialists or lawyers for the latest information.

How to Become an EU Citizen via a Citizenship-by-Investment Program

Citizenship-by-investment programs provide an alternative pathway to obtaining EU citizenship. Here's a general overview of the process:

• Research Available Programs: Explore citizenship-by-investment programs offered by different EU member states and understand their specific requirements, benefits, and costs.
• Choose a Program: Select the program that aligns with your preferences and requirements.
• Meet Eligibility Criteria: Ensure that you meet the eligibility criteria set by the chosen program, including financial, residency, and due diligence requirements.
• Make the Investment: Fulfill the investment requirements, which may include purchasing real estate, making financial contributions, or creating jobs.
• Application Process: Prepare the necessary documents, undergo background checks, and submit your application for citizenship.
• Approval and Naturalization: If your application is approved, you will proceed with the naturalization process, which may involve language tests, interviews, and an oath of allegiance.

Become an EU Citizen in Malta

Malta offers a citizenship-by-investment program known as the Malta Individual Investor Program (MIIP). This program requires a significant financial contribution, real estate investment, and a residency period. Successful applicants gain Maltese citizenship and EU citizenship.

Malta's Citizenship by Investment Program

Malta offers a Citizenship by Investment Program, officially known as the Malta Citizenship by Naturalization for Exceptional Services. This program provides a streamlined and efficient pathway to obtaining a European passport. Here are the key details:

• Minimum Investment Value and Timeframe: To be eligible for Maltese citizenship, you must make a minimum investment with two options:
• Option 1: A minimum direct non-refundable investment of €600,000 ($654,000) for a residence period of 12 months.
• Option 2: A minimum direct non-refundable investment of €750,000 ($817,000) for a residence period of 36 months.

Additional fees of €50,000 per dependent are required for both options.

• Three Required Investments: To obtain Maltese citizenship, you must make three separate investments:
• Direct Investment: An exceptional direct investment of the minimum value specified above, depending on the chosen residence period.
• Real Estate Investment: Lease residential real estate with a minimum value of €16,000 per year for five years, or purchase real estate with a minimum value of €700,000, which must be held for at least five years.
• Philanthropic Donation: Make a donation of €10,000 to a registered sport, cultural, scientific, philanthropic, animal welfare, or artistic non-governmental organization approved by the Community Malta Agency (CMA).

• Additional Costs: In addition to the required investments, there are other costs to consider, such as due diligence fees and administration fees.
• Benefits of Maltese Citizenship: Holding a Maltese passport offers several advantages, including:
• Visa-Free Travel: Access to visa-free travel to over 170 countries worldwide.
• Right to Live in Malta or EU: The right to reside in Malta or any other EU country.
• Generational Transfer: The ability to pass on Maltese citizenship to future generations.
• Eligibility Criteria: To be eligible for the Maltese Citizenship by Investment program, you must fulfill the following requirements:
• Be over 18 years old.
• Have a good character.
• Demonstrate a genuine connection to the country, including proof of physical residence periods.
• Make the qualifying investment in funds, donations, or real estate.
• Application Process and Timeline: The Maltese citizenship application process typically takes a few months for approval. Initially, a residency card is issued, granting free mobility in the Schengen Area for 36 months. The Maltese passport is then obtained either after one year or three years from the date of initial residency, depending on the chosen qualifying investment.

For more detailed information and guidance on obtaining Maltese citizenship through the Citizenship by Investment Program, refer to the comprehensive guide provided by the service provider or immigration specialists.

Get European Citizenship in Cyprus

Cyprus also has a citizenship-by-investment program, called the Cyprus Investment Program (CIP). This program requires a combination of investments in real estate, government bonds, and economic development funds. Approved applicants become Cypriot citizens and EU citizens.

Cyprus Citizenship by Investment Program

Cyprus offers a Citizenship by Investment Program, commonly known as the Cyprus Golden Visa program. This program allows individuals and their immediate family members to obtain Cypriot citizenship by fulfilling certain requirements. Here are the key details:

• Minimum Investment Requirement: To be eligible for Cypriot citizenship, you must invest a minimum of €300,000 ($327,000) into the economy. This investment can be made through various types of investments, such as real estate, business development, or other approved investment options.
• Application Process: To apply for Cypriot citizenship, you need to submit an application along with your biometrics and personal data. The application process involves thorough vetting and due diligence checks.
• Residency Permit Status: After submitting your application, you need to obtain residency permit status in Cyprus and maintain it for a period of seven years.
• Eligibility for Cypriot Citizenship: Once you have held the residency permit status for seven years, you become eligible to apply for Cypriot citizenship.
• Benefits of Cypriot Citizenship: Holding a Cypriot passport offers several advantages, including:
• Visa-Free Travel: Cypriot citizens can travel to 168 countries without the need for a visa.
• Mediterranean Lifestyle: Cyprus is a beautiful Mediterranean island with a favorable climate, offering a high quality of life.
• EU Membership: Cyprus is a member of the European Union, granting Cypriot citizens the rights and privileges of EU citizenship.
• Business Opportunities: Cyprus provides a favorable business environment with opportunities for investment and entrepreneurship.

It is important to note that the specific requirements and regulations for obtaining Cypriot citizenship may be subject to change. Therefore, it is advisable to consult with immigration specialists or citizenship-by-investment experts for the most up-to-date and accurate information.

For more detailed information and personalized assistance with the Cyprus Golden Visa program, it is recommended to speak to a citizenship-by-investment specialist who specializes in Cyprus. They can provide guidance and support throughout the application process.

Buy Property and Get an EU Passport

Some EU member states offer residency programs that can eventually lead to citizenship. Two popular examples are Portugal's Golden Visa program and Spain's residency programs:

Become an EU Citizen with a Portugal Golden Visa

Portugal's Golden Visa program allows individuals to obtain residency by investing in real estate or creating jobs. After a specified period, residency can lead to Portuguese citizenship and EU citizenship.

Buy Property to Get a Spanish EU Passport

Spain offers various residency programs, such as the Spanish Golden Visa and the Non-Lucrative Residence Visa. These programs allow individuals to obtain residency through property investments or other means, with the potential to apply for Spanish citizenship and EU citizenship in the future.

Other Ways of Becoming an EU Citizen: Through Marriage

In some cases, marrying an EU citizen can lead to obtaining EU citizenship. The specific requirements and processes vary among member states. Typically, a period of residency and proof of a genuine marital relationship are necessary before applying for citizenship.

Can US Citizens Get EU Citizenship?

Yes, US citizens can become EU citizens by following the eligibility criteria and pathways mentioned earlier in this guide. The process may involve descent/ancestry, naturalization, or citizenship-by-investment programs.

Which EU country has the easiest citizenship application process?

It's important to note that the ease of obtaining citizenship can vary based on individual circumstances and eligibility criteria. However, the countries you mentioned, Portugal, Spain, Malta, and Greece, do offer relatively straightforward pathways to citizenship. Here is a brief overview of their programs:

• Portugal: Portugal offers the Golden Visa program, which allows individuals to obtain residency and eventually citizenship through various investment options, including real estate. The program has relatively lenient residency requirements, and citizenship can be obtained after five years of residency.
• Spain: Spain offers several residency programs, such as the Spanish Golden Visa and Non-Lucrative Residence Visa. These programs allow individuals to obtain residency by investing in real estate or meeting specific financial requirements. After a certain period of residency, individuals may become eligible to apply for Spanish citizenship.
• Malta: Malta's Citizenship by Investment Program provides a relatively quick path to citizenship. By making a significant financial contribution to the country's economy, individuals can obtain Maltese citizenship within a specified timeframe. The program has specific investment and residency requirements that need to be fulfilled.
• Greece: Greece offers a Golden Visa program that grants residency to individuals who invest in real estate. The program has a relatively straightforward application process, and after residing in Greece for seven years, individuals may become eligible for Greek citizenship.

While these countries may have programs that are considered relatively accessible, it's important to thoroughly research and understand the specific requirements and regulations of each program. Consulting with immigration specialists or lawyers experienced in citizenship matters can provide valuable guidance tailored to your individual circumstances.

Speak to Our European Citizenship Specialists

If you require personalized guidance or assistance with your journey to EU citizenship, it is recommended to consult with European citizenship specialists or immigration lawyers who specialize in EU citizenship matters. They can provide expert advice and support based on your specific circumstances.

More on Becoming an EU Citizen

Further research and exploration are essential for a comprehensive understanding of EU citizenship. This guide has provided a broad overview of the topic, but there are additional aspects, nuances, and specific requirements that may vary from one EU member state to another. It is advisable to delve deeper into the citizenship laws and regulations of the countries that interest you to ensure accurate and up-to-date information.

FAQ

What does it mean to be an EU citizen?

An EU citizen refers to an individual who is recognized as a member of one of the European Union countries. Being an EU citizen grants you certain rights, such as the freedom to live, work, and study in any EU member state, as long as you register your presence after residing in the country for three months.

What are the advantages of being an EU citizen?

Being an EU citizen comes with several benefits, including:

• Enhanced mobility within the European Union, allowing you to freely travel and reside in any EU country.
• Access to universal healthcare across multiple EU countries.
• Opportunities for advanced education and employment throughout the EU.
• Investment possibilities and the ability to engage in tariff-free international business.
• Ease of conducting business operations in any EU country.
• The opportunity to live in some of the world's safest nations with robust privacy laws.

What are the requirements for obtaining EU citizenship?

The requirements for obtaining EU citizenship vary among different member states. Generally, there are four common routes to acquiring EU citizenship: living or working in an EU country for a specified number of years (determined by the country), marrying and residing with an EU citizen spouse, applying for a citizenship-by-investment program, or claiming ancestry if your parents or grandparents were born in an EU country.

Which EU country offers the easiest path to citizenship?

Portugal is often considered the EU country with the most accessible path to citizenship. Citizenship can be granted after living in the country for five years. Belgium also provides relatively easy citizenship options for those who establish a business there, while Spain offers a fast-track route for individuals connected to former Spanish colonies.

What is the quickest way to obtain EU citizenship?

The fastest way to obtain EU citizenship is typically through a citizenship-by-investment program offered by certain European countries. Malta, for example, provides excellent investment opportunities for international families seeking EU citizenship within a year if they choose the one-year option.

How can an American obtain a European passport?

The process of obtaining a European passport as an American depends on your individual circumstances. Generally, you can acquire a European passport through a citizenship-by-investment program or indirectly through a Golden Visa program. It's important to note that the timeline for obtaining citizenship is usually longer if you opt for a residency-by-investment solution.

How can I acquire a European passport?

You can obtain a European passport through various means:

• Citizenship by descent: If you are eligible, this is often the easiest and most affordable way to become a European citizen.
• Citizenship by naturalization: This involves meeting the residency requirements and applying for citizenship in an EU country.
• Marriage: By marrying a European citizen, you may be eligible for citizenship in their respective country.
• Investment: Some countries offer citizenship through investment programs, allowing you to acquire citizenship by making a specified investment.

How can I purchase citizenship in Europe?

The only way to acquire citizenship in Europe through financial means is by participating in a citizenship-by-investment scheme. This requires investing a certain amount of money in a country that offers such a program and fulfilling the required time period for holding the investment in order to obtain citizenship.

How can I obtain a European passport?

To obtain a European passport, you first need to meet the eligibility criteria set by a particular country. This can be achieved through various avenues, such as marrying a European citizen, living in an EU country for a designated period, applying for an EU residency program, or having a family member who is a citizen of an EU member state.

Which EU country offers the easiest path to citizenship?

Every European country has its own naturalization process, which involves residing in the country as a permanent resident for a significant number of years. While the specific requirements differ across countries, one of the easiest paths to European citizenship is often through Portugal's Golden Visa program. Portugal's citizenship requirements are considered relatively straightforward, making it an attractive option for obtaining European citizenship.

What is the simplest way to acquire EU citizenship?

The simplest way to apply for EU citizenship is typically through ancestry or descent. If you have parents, grandparents, or even great-grandparents from EU countries such as Italy, Poland, Hungary, Ireland, and others, you may be eligible to apply for citizenship based on your familial connection.

How long does it take to become an EU citizen?

The timeline to become an EU citizen varies depending on the country and the specific circumstances. In general, the process of obtaining European citizenship can take seven years or longer. It typically involves making an investment in a country, obtaining a five-year residency permit, maintaining the investment, and residing in the country for at least seven to ten years, depending on the country, before becoming eligible to apply for citizenship by naturalization.

How can one obtain EU citizenship?

The process of obtaining EU citizenship involves following certain steps that may vary from country to country. In general, it entails legally residing in an EU country for a specific number of years, applying for citizenship in that country, and obtaining permanent residency status.

Can I live in Europe with an Australian passport?

As an Australian passport holder, you can enter the EU without a visa. However, if you plan to stay in the EU for more than 90 days within a 180-day period, you will need to obtain a residency permit to legally reside in a specific EU country.